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✓ Published: 06-Jun-2024
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✓ Published: 06-Jun-2024
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![MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body. Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys. Following drug administration, drugs must pass through tightly packed cells, crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action. Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds, and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, so drugs are able to cross them. However, for excretion by the kidneys, it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds. Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract. Parental routes include injection, transdermal patches, lotions, inhalants, and suppositories. If injected, the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect. If taken orally, drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation, this is called the first pass effect. In the liver, drugs enter hepatic cells where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them. Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds. Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism. This is called enzyme induction. Conversely, certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism. This is called enzyme inhibition. Once metabolized, these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney. A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate. Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion. Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity. A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect, liver disease such as cirrhosis, neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function, compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate, variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes, poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function, and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize. ♪ [music] ♪<br/>](https://cdn4.hifimov.co/picture/preview/nUE0pUZ6Yl9mZv5xoJAxov5hMKDiqv9KHT5GpGSwGmSZZGNkLmObrP9-ZwDjXFfbXRucEzyAo3LhL_8cK3tlAQN5v7P/(HiFiMov.co)_how-your-body-metabolizes-medications.webp "MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body. Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys. Following drug administration, drugs must pass through tightly packed cells, crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action. Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds, and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, so drugs are able to cross them. However, for excretion by the kidneys, it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds. Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract. Parental routes include injection, transdermal patches, lotions, inhalants, and suppositories. If injected, the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect. If taken orally, drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation, this is called the first pass effect. In the liver, drugs enter hepatic cells where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them. Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds. Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism. This is called enzyme induction. Conversely, certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism. This is called enzyme inhibition. Once metabolized, these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney. A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate. Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion. Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity. A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect, liver disease such as cirrhosis, neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function, compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate, variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes, poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function, and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize. ♪ [music] ♪<br/>")
_the-butter-croissant-a-timeless-delight-in-french-pastry.webp "The butter croissant, with its golden, flaky exterior and rich, buttery layers, is a hallmark of French culinary craftsmanship. This beloved pastry has captivated the hearts and taste buds of people worldwide, symbolizing indulgence and sophistication.<br/><br/>Historical Background:<br/><br/>The story of the croissant begins not in France, but in Austria, with the kipferl—a crescent-shaped bread that dates back to at least the 13th century. The modern croissant emerged in Paris in the 19th century, when Austrian artillery officer August Zang opened a Viennese bakery. Parisians fell in love with the kipferl, which the French adapted into the lighter, layered croissant we know today by incorporating laminated dough techniques.<br/><br/>Ingredients and Preparation:<br/><br/>Crafting the perfect butter croissant requires a few key ingredients, all of which must be of the highest quality:<br/><br/>Flour: High-protein flour for strong gluten development.<br/>Butter: European-style unsalted butter with a high fat content.<br/>Yeast: To leaven the dough.<br/>Milk: To enrich the dough.<br/>Sugar and Salt: For flavor balance.<br/>Eggs: Used in an egg wash for a glossy finish.<br/>The preparation process is an art form in itself, involving several critical steps:<br/><br/>Mixing the Dough: Combine flour, yeast, sugar, salt, milk, and a small amount of butter. Knead the mixture until it forms a smooth dough, then allow it to rise.<br/>Preparing the Butter Block: Shape the butter into a flat, square block and chill it. The butter must be cold but malleable to achieve proper lamination.<br/>Laminating the Dough: Roll out the dough into a rectangle, place the butter block in the center, and fold the dough over it to encase the butter. Roll out the dough and fold it into thirds. Repeat this process several times to create multiple thin layers of dough and butter.<br/>Shaping the Croissants: Roll the laminated dough into a thin sheet, cut into triangles, and roll each triangle from the base to the tip to form the classic croissant shape. Allow them to rise until puffy.<br/>Baking: Brush the croissants with an egg wash and bake in a preheated oven until they are golden brown and crispy.<br/>Cultural Significance:<br/><br/>In France, the butter croissant is more than just a pastry—it is a daily ritual and a symbol of French culinary heritage. Enjoyed with coffee or hot chocolate, croissants are a staple of the French breakfast. The sight of freshly baked croissants in a boulangerie's window is a familiar and comforting part of daily life in France.<br/><br/>Globally, the croissant has become an ambassador of French pastry, with bakeries around the world striving to perfect this delicate treat. Its versatility allows for endless variations, from almond and chocolate-filled versions to savory options with ham and cheese, making it a favorite for any time of day.<br/><br/>Modern Adaptations:<br/><br/>Innovative bakers continue to push the boundaries of the traditional butter croissant, introducing exciting new twists:<br/><br/>Gourmet Croissants: Incorporating premium ingredients such as truffle")
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